Alcohol Use Disorder

Alcohol is a commonly used substance, but for millions of individuals, its use escalates into something much more severe: alcohol use disorder (AUD). This is a medical condition that includes a spectrum of unhealthy patterns of alcohol use, from trouble with drinking to outright alcoholism, and can significantly affect a person’s physical health, mental state, relationships, and day-to-day obligations. As per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, excessive alcohol consumption accounts for more than 140,000 deaths annually in the United States alone. [1]   Facts About U.S. Deaths from Excessive Alcohol Use. (2024, August 6). Alcohol Use. https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/facts-stats/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/features/excessive-alcohol-deaths.html  

Despite these risks, many individuals delay seeking alcohol treatment due to stigma or a lack of understanding about the disorder.

This article examines what alcohol use disorder is, its symptoms, its causes, and what treatments are available.

What is alcohol use disorder?

AUD is a health disorder that is defined as an impaired capacity to cease or manage alcohol consumption regardless of the adverse social, occupational, or health outcomes. It can range from mild to severe and is at times known as alcoholism. Individuals with the disorder can have intense urges, develop tolerance, and endure withdrawal when they attempt to refrain from alcohol consumption. AUD is regarded as a brain disorder that is affected by genetic, psychological, and environmental factors.

The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism diagnoses AUD using diagnostic criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). [2] Understanding Alcohol Use Disorder | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). (n.d.). https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/understanding-alcohol-use-disorder CDC states that excessive alcohol consumption is responsible for many long-term health issues, such as liver disease, cancer, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. [3] Alcohol use and your health. (2025, January 14). Alcohol Use. https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/about-alcohol-use/index.html

What are the symptoms of alcohol use disorder?

AUD is identified through a pattern of behaviors and physical responses related to excessive drinking. Symptoms may include the following:

• Craving alcohol or feeling a strong urge to drink.
• Drinking more or longer than intended.
• Wanting to reduce drinking but being unable to.
• Spending significant time drinking, obtaining alcohol, or recovering from its effects.
• Failing to meet responsibilities at home, work, or school due to drinking.
• Continuing to drink despite social or relationship problems.
• Giving up hobbies or activities because.
• Drinking in physically dangerous situations.
• Drinking despite health problems is worsened by drinking.
• Developing tolerance, needing to drink to feel the same effects.
• Experiencing withdrawal symptoms like nausea and vomiting, or drinking to avoid them.

How much is too much?

CDC defines excessive alcohol use as more than 8 drinks per week for women and more than 15 for men, or any instance of binge drinking, 4 or more drinks for women, 5 or more for men, in about 2 hours. Even drinking within these limits may still increase the risk of this use disorder, especially if combined with stress, mental health issues, or a history of alcohol use disorder. 

Causes and risk factors

This use disorder develops from a combination of genetic, psychological, and environmental influences.

• Genetic predisposition: A family history of AUD increases the likelihood of developing the condition. People with close relatives affected by alcohol abuse and alcoholism may inherit a higher risk, possibly due to genetic traits that affect brain chemistry and impulse control.
• Psychological factors: Stress, trauma, depression, and anxiety can all contribute to unhealthy drinking. Many people with alcohol use disorder turn to drinking as a way to cope with unresolved emotional pain or mental health conditions, increasing their risk over time.
• Environmental influences: Growing up in an environment where drinking is easily accessible or normalized can shape attitudes and behaviors related to AUD. Peer pressure, early exposure to drinking, and lack of supportive relationships also play a significant role in the development of alcohol problems.

How is alcohol use disorder diagnosed?

AUD is diagnosed based on specific criteria outlined in DSM-5. A healthcare provider evaluates your symptoms related to drinking, such as impaired control, social problems, risky drinking, and withdrawal symptoms. The severity of the disorder depends on how many criteria are met:

• Mild AUD involves meeting 2 to 3 symptoms. This may include occasional cravings for drinking or unsuccessful attempts to limit intake.
• Moderate AUD is diagnosed when four to five symptoms are present, such as neglecting responsibilities or continuing to drink despite health problems.
• Severe AUD is characterized by 6 or more symptoms, including physical dependence, alcohol withdrawal, and compulsive drinking behaviors that put health and safety at risk.

Early diagnosis improves the chances of successful alcohol use disorder treatment.

What are the treatments for alcohol use disorder?

Successful treatment of AUD usually entails a mix of therapeutic methods based on individual requirements:

Behavioral therapies
Techniques like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and motivational interviewing help people with alcohol use disorder identify drinking triggers, build coping skills, and stay motivated to reduce drinking or abstain entirely.

Medications
FDA-approved medications such as naltrexone, disulfiram, and acamprosate can reduce cravings for alcohol, support abstinence, or create unpleasant reactions to discourage alcohol consumption. These medications must be prescribed and monitored only by a qualified mental health or medical professional.

Rehabilitation programs
Inpatient and outpatient rehab programs provide structured treatment environments, including medical supervision and therapy for alcohol withdrawal and long-term recovery.

Support groups
Peer-led groups like Alcoholics Anonymous offer social support, shared experiences, and a framework for maintaining sobriety, especially for people with a history of alcohol use disorder.

How can I prevent alcohol use disorder?

You can help prevent AUD by developing healthy coping strategies for stress, setting clear boundaries around drinking, and being mindful of your family history of it. Avoiding environments where excessive drinking is normalized can reduce your risk. If you notice signs of AUD, take steps early to limit drinking and seek support if needed.

Is there a cure for alcohol use disorder?

To prevent AUD, it is important to set limits on drinking early, continue to be mindful of the health effects of heavy alcohol use, and seek help early if drinking begins to interfere with daily life. Avoiding situations or environments that encourage inappropriate alcohol use can also reduce your risk.

How do I take care of myself?

• Exercise: Regular exercise can stabilize mood, manage stress, and aid in recovery from AUD.
• Know your triggers: Identifying the people, emotions, or situations that trigger your desire for alcohol can aid in preventing relapse.
• Seek help: Remain in touch with a therapist, support group, or understanding person who is familiar with the problems of unhealthy alcohol consumption.

When should I see my healthcare provider?

You should see your healthcare provider if you experience signs of AUD, such as cravings, withdrawal symptoms, or difficulty controlling your consumption. Early intervention can help prevent health problems and support effective AUD treatment.

Recovery and relapse

The recovery process and long-term management
Recovery from AUD is an ongoing process that involves sustained abstinence from drinking, lifestyle adjustments, and long-term support to maintain health and prevent relapse.

Understanding and managing relapse triggers
Identifying personal triggers, such as stress, social pressure, or emotional distress, and developing coping strategies is essential to prevent relapse and support lasting recovery.

Conclusion 

AUD is a serious medical condition that affects both physical and mental health, often putting personal relationships, work, and overall well-being at risk. With appropriate AUD treatment, including therapy, medications, and support systems, recovery is possible. Early recognition of symptoms of alcohol use disorder and a commitment to reducing alcohol use can significantly improve outcomes and long-term health.

FAQ

What is alcohol use disorder (AUD)?

It’s a medical condition where a person struggles to control their drinking despite negative consequences.

What causes alcohol use disorder?

It typically results from a combination of genetic, psychological, and environmental factors.

Is AUD the same as alcoholism?

Yes, the terms are often used interchangeably, though AUD is the clinical term.

Can alcohol use disorder be treated successfully?

Yes, with the right combination of therapy, support, and medical care, many people recover.

Is it possible to recover from AUD without going to rehab?

Some individuals recover through outpatient care, therapy, or support groups, though rehab may benefit more severe cases.

Can someone with AUD ever drink in moderation again?

For most, long-term recovery is more successful with complete abstinence.

How long does it take to recover from alcohol use disorder?

Recovery timelines vary widely depending on severity, support, and individual circumstances.

Does alcohol use disorder only affect heavy drinkers?

No, it can affect anyone whose drinking causes distress or interferes with daily life.

What should I do if someone I care about has a drinking problem?

Approach them with compassion and encourage them to seek professional help.

How can Calmerry help?

Calmerry provides flexible online therapy with licensed mental health professionals who can support individuals struggling with drinking behaviors, guide them through recovery goals, help identify underlying emotional triggers, and offer tools to manage cravings and prevent relapse, all from a safe, confidential environment.